The fourth quarter of 2024 witnessed inflation levels that fell within the Bank of Canada’s target range, continuing interest rate cuts, political drama domestically, south of the border and abroad.

Decreasing economic growth, rising unemployment figures and the receding inflation trend, lead the Bank of Canada to cut interest rates twice during the quarter, by a ‘jumbo’ 50 bps each time, to bring the overnight rate to 3.25%, the lowest it has measured since October 2022. These cuts were expected by investors, and while the market largely believes further cuts will follow in 2025, it also believes we are closer to the end of the rate cut cycle than the beginning. But the year was a positive one for fixed income investments, and decidedly so for credit.

2024 marked another year of solid returns for global equity markets. The S&P 500 rose 25% on a total return basis, following a 26.3% increase in 2023. The last time this benchmark index generated 2 consecutive years of 20%+ returns was in 1998. The strong returns in the U.S. were driven by a handful of large companies known as the Magnificent Seven (Amazon, Apple, Alphabet, Meta, Microsoft, NVIDIA, and Tesla). On a collective basis, these 7 companies accounted for over half of the return for the S&P 500. Excluding the Magnificent Seven, the remainder of the index returned approximately 10% in 2024. Outside of the U.S., the Tokyo Stock Exchange generated a total return of just over 20%, while the Euro Stoxx 600 index delivered a total return of nearly 10%. The key factors that drove global equity markets higher during 2024 included strong corporate earnings, interest rate cuts from central banks around the world, and significantly reduced fears about a global economic recession.

The S&P500 and TSX moved higher heading into year end with the help of another decent earnings print for the third quarter and a decisive victory for Donald Trump and the Republican Party, only to be somewhat spoiled by the Federal Reserve’s more cautious tone on further interest rate cuts in 2025. During the fourth quarter of 2024, the S&P500 total return was +2.41% in U.S. dollars. Adjusting for currency, the S&P500 returned +9.10% in Canadian dollars, as the Canadian dollar depreciated about 4.42 cents, closing the quarter at $0.6952. The TSX total return was +3.76% in the fourth quarter.

Each quarter, our Investment Management teams publish their key observations and portfolio updates across Global Equity and Fixed Income markets. This is a summary of our views for the Third Quarter of 2024. You can download the full reports via the links shown below.

KEY OBSERVATIONS

Yet another good quarter for both the S&P500 and TSX has come to a close, with the S&P 500 up +5.89% in U.S. dollars or +4.59% in Canadian dollars, and the TSX total return up +10.54%. 

The much-anticipated monetary policy easing cycle started earlier this month when the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) cut interest rates by 50 basis points as Chairman Powell signaled that he was shifting from an inflation hawk to an employment dove. That is, he now cares as much about maintaining employment as he does about reducing inflation. 

According to comments from the Fed, we have inflation moving sustainably toward 2%, an unemployment level that, by historical standards, would still be considered low, and a stable real GDP growth outlook of about 2%. 

The fact that the Fed has so far successfully engineered bringing inflation down without causing a credit crunch would seem to continue to support the soft-landing outcome that we’ve been a proponent of for some time. Indeed, our own checklist of economic indicators, including the latest GDPNow forecast for Q3, the payrolls data, the current level of credit spreads, and the performance of regional bank stocks, does not suggest any economic stress is present at this time.

In terms of corporate earnings, the S&P500’s third quarter earnings growth of 11.9% bested the estimated earnings growth of 8.9%, according to FactSet Earnings Insight. Forward earnings estimates have been a pretty good proxy for actual trailing estimates, and they are currently hitting all-time highs with an earnings growth outlook for 2025 and 2026 up 15.1% and 12.4% respectively.

Putting this all together, we think a robust earnings outlook, solid economic growth and lower interest rates is a positive backdrop for further share price appreciation. That said, we could see some near-term volatility leading into the U.S. election. However, beyond the election, if history repeats itself, market performance usually improves, and within the framework we just described, we remain constructive on the market outlook from here.

NORTH AMERICAN EQUITY UPDATE

Peter Jackson, HBSc, MBA, CFA

Chief Investment Officer

Portfolio Manager, North American Equities

Our overall equity exposure increased 1% to 97% and cash decreased from 4% to 3%.  Our U.S. equity exposure is 55% while our Canadian equity exposure is currently 42%. For portfolios invested in our North American plus International Equity strategy, the US and Canada weights will be proportionately less than this given the current 20% allocation to international companies.

Over the past 12 months, we continued to shift our allocation in favour of US equities (+13%) over Canadian equities (-10%). US earnings growth continues to outpace Canadian earnings growth, and this is estimated to continue in 2025 and 2026. While we are not calling for a recession in Canada, we do believe the risk of one is higher, with economic growth slower and unemployment higher here than in the US. That said, so far, we have been seeing interest rates decline faster here in Canada than in the US, which may mitigate that risk. 

We added three new positions during the quarter:

Nvidia Corporation needs no introduction, being the leader in the production of graphics processing units (GPUs) that power Artificial Intelligence (AI). We took advantage of the macro-pullback in the market this summer to initiate a position at a now-reasonable valuation as earnings continue to grow rapidly.

Eli Lilly is a healthcare company that has taken the place of Novo Nordisk in our portfolio, in which we had over a 50% gain. While both Novo and Lilly are strong players in the growing diabetes and obesity market, several factors helped make a compelling case for the switch.

Stantec is a global leader in engineering consultancy with a focus on water and infrastructure. With a strong 5-year compound annual EBITDA growth rate of over 20% and record current backlog, Stantec is positioned to continue to deliver strong operating results.

A detailed review of these companies can be found in the full report per the link above.

GLOBAL EQUITY UPDATE

Phil D’Iorio, MBA, CFA
Portfolio Manager, Global Equities

Global equity markets continued their upward climb this quarter. The S&P was up 20.8% over the first three quarters of the year, the strongest such showing since 1997. Key factors that drove markets higher included strong corporate earnings, interest rate cuts around the world, and reduced fears about a global economic recession.

Japan was an exception, with the Tokyo Stock Price Index falling -5.8%. This was partially driven by concern that recent strength in the Yen will weaken Japan’s exporters. However, we do not believe that this will derail the multi-year uptrend in Japan’s equity markets.

In the latest Bank of America Global Fund Manager Survey, 79% said that an economic soft landing is now the most likely outcome. We share this view for a number of reasons. Among them, strength in the U.S. and global economies, stock market gains that are broadening out beyond the big tech names, and an absence of recessionary signals from the bond market.

We believe conditions look steady across most of the major economic regions with China as the notable exception. During his most recent press conference, Fed Chairman Jerome Powell said that the U.S. economy is growing at a solid pace and that inflation is coming down. In Europe, the economy is growing modestly and is expected to improve significantly in 2025. Meanwhile, China’s economy continues to struggle in the face of sluggish GDP performance, sagging consumer confidence, and a collapse in property prices. The country recently announced a series of stimulus measures to lower borrowing costs, inject funds into the economy, and ease the mortgage repayment burden for households.

The lead-up to U.S. presidential elections has historically been associated with elevated volatility in the stock market. While we were spared from the market weakness that typically occurs in September, we’ll be on guard for potential volatility during October. Furthermore, we will be ready to act and take advantage of any opportunities that are presented to us.

In our Global strategy, we established the follow new positions during the quarter:

Amphenol makes connectors and sensors that are used across a wide range of applications. The company’s products are positioned to benefit from secular growth themes including increasing electrification in automobiles, Artificial Intelligence through data centre growth, and the Internet of Things.

Nvidia Corporation needs no introduction as described above, being the leader in the production of graphics processing units (GPUs) that power Artificial Intelligence (AI). We took advantage of the macro-pullback in the market this summer to initiate a position at a now-reasonable valuation as earnings continue to grow rapidly.

In the International strategy, we initiated three new positions:

3i Group is a private equity company with over 70% of its net asset value accounted for by a company called Action, which is Europe’s fastest-growing non-food discounter. Management is currently considering expanding its store base within and beyond Europe, and we believe there is a long runway of growth ahead for Action.

Disco Corp is the dominant semiconductor dicer and grinder equipment provider with market share of 85% and 65%, respectively. Disco is a beneficiary of more than $10 billion in additional semi-conductor backend processes announced by Taiwan Semiconductor and Intel in Malaysia and New Mexico.

Recruit Holdings is a dominant Human Resources Technology company. Recruit is pursuing a long-term strategy to transform its technology from a pay-per-click model to a pay-per-hire model that could expand its total addressable market tenfold to $327 billion and increase its take rate from less than 1% to a significantly higher level.

A detailed review of each company can be found in the full report per the link above.

At the beginning of August, global equity markets experienced a sharp sell-off. In one day, the Nikkei 225 sold off by more than 12% and the S&P 500 fell by more than 3%. There were a number of different factors that led to the sell-off including concerns about slowing economic growth, crowded positioning in Technology stocks, and a rapid unwind of the Yen carry trade. It felt like a perfect storm as all of these factors came to a head at the same time.

Although the market began selling off in late July, it accelerated in early August (on a Friday) on the back of a report from the U.S. Labour Department. The report showed that U.S. Nonfarm payrolls grew by just 114,000 in July. This was significantly below the consensus estimate of 185,000. The same report showed that the unemployment rate edged higher to 4.3%, which marked its highest level since October 2021. This report triggered fears about a recession and led the bond market to price in more interest rate cuts for the U.S. than had been previously forecasted. This shift combined with a recent interest rate hike from Japan’s Central Bank led to the unwind of the Yen carry trade. For many years, global investors have been borrowing money in costless Yen and using the proceeds to buy higher-yielding U.S. bonds as well as U.S. equities including the Magnificent Seven Technology stocks. When the U.S. jobs report was released, it sparked an unwind of the Yen carry trade, which magnified losses in the S&P 500 index and the Nasdaq. It certainly didn’t help that over the weekend Warren Buffet’s company (Berkshire Hathaway) announced that it had cut its position in Apple by nearly half. All of this led to a big sell-off across global markets the Monday following the U.S. jobs report. In a span of less than 3 weeks, the S&P 500 experienced a decline of 8.5%. However, the market drawdown was very short lived. In fact, it took just over 2 weeks for the S&P 500 to rally back to within 1% of its all-time high.

While it’s not easy to precisely explain why the market rebounded so quickly, there are several reasons why we remain cautiously optimistic on global equities. These reasons include recent economic data points that refute the notion of a recession, a broadening out of the stock market, and a clear change in the tone of the U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman.

In terms of economic data, retail sales for July were much stronger than expected and the latest report for U.S. jobless claims showed a decline. In addition, some of the more discretionary areas of the economy remain steady including restaurant bookings, air travel, and hotel occupancy rates. In addition, U.S. gross domestic product increased at a 3.0% annualized rate last quarter according to the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Economic Analysis. This was an upward revision from the 2.8% rate reported last month. Taken together, these data points do not suggest that the U.S. economy is on the verge on a recession.

In addition to positive economic data, there has also been a broadening out in the stock market during the third quarter. After a long period of market dominance, shares of the Magnificent Seven have trailed the shares of the other 493 companies in the S&P 500. This means that the Magnificent Seven are on track to underperform stocks in the rest of the index for the first quarter in nearly two years as illustrated in the chart below.

We believe that the broadening out of the stock market is important and that it increases the likelihood of a sustained increase in the stock market going forward.

In addition to positive economic data points and a broadening out of the stock market, there has also been a significant change in the tone from the U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman with regards to interest rates. During the recently held annual retreat in Jackson Hole, Jerome Powell announced that “the time has come for policy to adjust”. He went on to say that “inflation has declined significantly. The labor market is no longer overheated, and conditions are now less tight than those that prevailed before the pandemic”. This is a very significant change in the tone from Mr. Powell and it sets the stage for interest rate cuts with the bond market currently pricing in four rate cuts in the U.S. by the end of 2024.

For all of these reasons we remain cautiously optimistic. But there is one caveat, given that we are entering a period of seasonal weakness as seen in the chart below.

Since 1948, September has been the weakest month of the year in terms of performance for the S&P 500 with an average loss of 0.7%. This is significantly lower than February, which has historically been the second worst month of the year with an average loss of 0.1%. In addition to seasonal weakness, the market will also have to deal with the uncertainty related to the U.S. Presidential Election. Given this backdrop, we may experience elevated volatility in the weeks ahead and we plan to use this volatility to take advantage of opportunities that are presented to us.

Phil D’Iorio

Each quarter, our Investment Management teams publish their key observations and portfolio updates across Global Equity and Fixed Income markets. This is a summary of our views for the Second Quarter of 2024. You can download the full reports via the links shown below.

KEY OBSERVATIONS

Market performance for the second quarter of 2024 was mixed as the S&P 500 experienced a 5.35% gain in Canadian dollar terms, while the TSX slipped -0.53%.

Inflation data recently came in much lower than expected, inching closer to the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) target of 2%. However, despite mounting disinflationary data, the Fed’s projection for the Fed Funds interest rate for year end 2024 went from 4.6% to 5.1%, as compared to 5.25%-5.5% today, implying one rate cut this year versus three projected in March. 

The bond market has interpreted the softer inflationary data favourably, as 10-Year Treasury yields have fallen from about 4.6% at the end of May to the current level around 4.4%. Lower Treasury yields support the idea that inflationary conditions are improving, even if more slowly than anticipated by the Fed earlier in the year. 

While a rate cut might incite further stock market gains in the near term, it could also lead to excessive valuation. We prefer to see market gains supported by stronger earnings growth. The good news is that positive earnings surprises during Q1 2024 and higher forward guidance have led to upward revisions to 2024, 2025 and 2026 earnings expectations.

Despite a generally positive outlook, market pullbacks of 5%-10% in the third quarter of U.S. presidential election years have been the historical norm for the past 75 years. If history repeats itself, we can’t rule out some market turbulence in the July through September period.

Having said that, historical data show that secular bull markets last 16 years on average, and cyclical bull markets within those larger bull runs last about 30 months and produce a gain of 86%. The S&P 500 is now up about 53% from its October 2022 low roughly 20 months ago. We believe we are likely only part way through a cyclical bull market, suggesting that any pullback will be temporary.

Putting everything together, we see an economy that can sustain moderate economic growth with lower inflation, which should eventually allow for market-friendly monetary policy. Furthermore, stronger earnings growth should support stock valuations.

NORTH AMERICAN EQUITY UPDATE

Peter Jackson, HBSc, MBA, CFA

Chief Investment Officer

Portfolio Manager, North American Equities

Our overall equity exposure remains high, having increased by 1% to 96%, with cash decreasing to 4%. Our U.S. equity exposure increased from 52% to 56% while our Canadian exposure decreased from 43% to 40%. For portfolios invested in our North American plus International Equity strategy, the US and Canada weights will be proportionately less than this given the current 20% allocation to international companies.

During the quarter, we continued to shift our allocation in favour of US equities (+4%) over Canadian equities (-3%). US earnings growth continues to outpace Canadian earnings growth where recent F12M earnings for the TSX turned negative. This was largely driven by energy resource sector downgrades, which is a sector in which we maintain minimal exposure. Our Canadian companies have growing earnings, and many are globally diversified in terms of revenue sources despite their Canadian headquarters. 

We added one new investment during the quarter:

Cadence Designs Systems is often referred to as one of the most important companies you have never heard of. It is a leader in Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software, a critical tool that turns complex chip designs into manufacturing blueprints. The EDA market has a near-duopoly structure dominated by Cadence and one other player ensuring stability and pricing power. This specialized software commands high returns on invested capital and less cyclicality than the semiconductor industry overall. Cadence is poised to benefit from the growing trend of companies designing their own chips. 

A detailed review of this company can be found in the full report per the link above.

GLOBAL EQUITY UPDATE

Phil D’Iorio, MBA, CFA
Portfolio Manager, Global Equities

After delivering robust returns during the first quarter, global equity markets continued their upward climb during the second quarter of 2024. Some of the key factors driving the returns included strong corporate earnings, reduced fears about a global economic recession, and enthusiasm over artificial intelligence that powered massive gains in Technology stocks.

In terms of the economy, Macroeconomic Surprise indexes turned negative during the month of June for major economies around the world. This phenomenon was particularly pronounced in the US. In our view, what’s really happening is that the economy is slowing, not shrinking. A slowdown in the economy strengthens the case for interest rate cuts and that’s a good thing as it would help stimulate the economy.

Technology stocks have continued to dominate. On a year-to-date basis, Nvidia alone has contributed 30% of the gain generated by the S&P 500. Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, Meta, and Apple have collectively generated another 30%. When you add it all up, six companies have generated more than 60% of the upside in the S&P 500 for the first six months of 2024. 

We continue to focus on companies with strong fundamentals, competitive advantages, and exposure to secular growth themes. Some of these themes include artificial intelligence, electrification of global infrastructure, decarbonization of the global economy, and healthcare innovation. We would argue that many of the large Technology stocks deserve to trade at above-average valuations given their attractive growth profiles, their robust free cash flow generation, and their pristine balance sheets.

Our current outlook is cautiously optimistic. The global economy remains resilient and inflation has fallen enough to set the stage for interest rate cuts. 

During the second quarter, we established several new positions in our Global and International portfolios. In our Global strategy, we established new positions in ASML, Broadcom, and Wolters Kluwer. In the International strategy, we initiated new positions in Arch Capital and Tokyo Electron. 

A detailed review of each company can be found in the full report per the link above.

Each quarter, our Investment Management teams publish their key observations and portfolio updates across Global Equity and Fixed Income markets. This is a summary of our views for the First Quarter of 2024. You can download the full reports via the links shown below.

KEY OBSERVATIONS

During the first quarter of 2024, the S&P 500 was up +10.6% in U.S. dollars, or +13.3% in Canadian dollars. We believe that this large advance was primarily the result of a strengthening economy, growing earnings, and the expectation of rate cuts later this year.

Price/earnings multiple expansion – or an increase in what investors are willing to pay for every dollar of earnings – is not unusual at this point in the cycle. This leads to stock valuations that are higher than historical averages, however, we don’t believe they are unreasonable today.

Last week’s update by the Federal Open Market Committee of the U.S. Federal Reserve seems to support our expectation of lower interest rates in the second half of 2024. However, with recent bumps in the inflation rate, the market’s expectation of as many as six rate cuts this year has been pared back to about three. This sent mixed signals to the fixed-income markets, which saw rates drift modestly higher. However, credit spreads remained strong and returns were bifurcated, with corporate bonds outperforming their government counterparts.

S&P 500 earnings grew +4.1% year-over-year last quarter, much stronger than the 1.5% market consensus growth rate at the end of 2023. This may have been skewed by positive earnings surprises in the Magnificent 7 Technology stocks, however, it was the second quarter of overall positive earnings growth after three negative quarters, which gives us some confidence in the consensus calendar forecasts, which call for earnings to reaccelerate to double-digit levels in 2024 and 2025. Growing earnings could provide a catalyst for further market appreciation.

This is a US election year, and while we can’t rule out a pullback moving toward the November 5th election day, particularly as pullbacks of 5-10% typically happen most years at some point or another, stocks historically tend to rise regardless of which party is in the White House or controls the House and Senate.

Overall, we remain positive on the markets given that the upcoming monetary easing cycle and the decline in interest rates is likely to take place against a backdrop of solid economic growth, low unemployment, declining inflation and improving earnings.

NORTH AMERICAN EQUITY UPDATE

Peter Jackson, HBSc, MBA, CFA

Chief Investment Officer

Portfolio Manager, North American Equities

Our overall equity and cash exposure were unchanged this quarter at 95% and 5% respectively. Our U.S. equity exposure increased from 47% to 52,% while our Canadian exposure decreased from 48% to 43%. It is important to note that many of our clients’ portfolios are invested in our North American plus International Equity strategy, meaning that the actual weights of US and Canada within their equity holdings will be proportionately less than this given the allocation to international companies.

During the quarter, we continued to shift our allocation in favour of US equities (+5%) over Canadian equities (-5%). While there are pockets of strength in Canada, overall forward 12-month earnings growth remains negative in Canada as compared to positive earnings and improving breadth of earnings in the U.S. Our Canadian holdings are focused on these pockets of strength and most of the Canadian companies we own have globally diversified revenue sources despite a Canadian headquarters.

We added two new investments during the quarter:

Mastercard operates a digital payment network with integrated solutions that links consumers, banks, merchants, and merchant acquirers. Mastercard’s business is protected by a network effect as merchants are more likely to subscribe since so many consumers carry its cards, and consumers are more likely to carry a card that is accept in so many places. We think Mastercard has a long runway for growth as they benefit from the ongoing secular shift from cash to electronic payment, especially outside of North America, and the continued adoption of their value-added services, which include fraud detection, data analytics, and loyalty programs.

O’Reilly Automotive owns and operates automotive part distribution warehouses and retail stores predominantly in the United States, but also in Mexico and Canada. O’Reilly serves both the do-it-for-me (pro) market as well as the do-it-yourself (consumer) market through its 5,600 stores. O’Reilly has 30 distribution centres located in 30 major cities, and it has used its distribution advantage to build out its pro business, which now makes up 45% of its revenues. As a result, O’Reilly has better inventory turns, working capital management, and higher return on invested capital compared to most of its peers.

A detailed review of each company can be found in the full report per the link above.

GLOBAL EQUITY UPDATE

Phil D’Iorio, MBA, CFA
Portfolio Manager, Global Equities

Global equity markets started off 2024 with a bang. Some of the drivers were strong corporate earnings, anticipated interest rate cuts, and a turnaround in investor sentiment. Given this backdrop, stock market returns were strong across many geographic regions.

About a year ago, economists and investors were forecasting a U.S. recession due to the impact of stubborn inflation and higher interest rates. In March of 2023, approximately 65% of economists polled by Bloomberg were convinced the U.S. economy was headed for a serious downturn within 12 months. This widely held viewpoint has completely reversed.

Given the resilience of the U.S. economy and a significant decline in inflation, economists and investors have now largely abandoned their “hard” or “soft” landing recession predictions. Indeed, 45% of now believe the U.S. economy is headed for a “no landing” scenario, where inflation falls towards the Fed’s 2% target and economic growth remains firm.

Outside of the United States, the global economy is growing, although it remains sluggish across many parts of the world. Markets are now expecting the European Central Bank to cut rates in June, which should help the recovery across the Eurozone. In China, the economy remains weak but there is some recent evidence of positive momentum.

Good news has continued to come out of Japan, as its central bank raised interest rates for the first time since 2007. This is viewed as a sign that Japan may have finally won its fight against deflation, with prices now rising consistently for the first time in decades.

Overall, we are seeing encouraging signs across the largest economic regions outside of the United States and continue to have a favourable outlook for global equity markets.

We added several new investments across a variety of industries during the quarter, including Alimentation Couche-Tard, Mastercard, O’Reilly Automotive, and Vertex Pharmaceuticals in the Global portfolio, and Icon, Inditex, Itochu, Mastercard, and Shin-Etsu in the International portfolio.

A detailed review of each company can be found in the full report per the link above.

Recall that in last quarter of calendar 2023 the yield curve decreased markedly (and as you readers and investors know, when yields drop, bond prices rise). The resulting bond price rally that occurred was the strongest quarterly return performance by Canadian bonds in over 20 years. At the time, some believed there was a reasonably good chance interest rate cuts by the Canadian and US central banks might start as early as March 2024.

It would be difficult to repeat such a strong performance, as a result, the first quarter of 2024 always had a tough act to follow and the bond market return performance was in fact a mixed bag. Interest rates drifted slightly higher (see Canadian Yield Curve chart below), which is a negative factor for bond return performance. Inflation continued to trend downwards at a slower than anticipated pace, but the Canadian economy remained stronger than expected with a very modest beat in GDP growth in January (the latest data released), thus creating the environment for mixed bag return profile.

After delivering robust returns in 2023, global equity markets started off 2024 with a bang. Some of the key factors driving the returns included strong corporate earnings, an expectation of interest rate cuts in 2024, and a turn in investor sentiment with investors abandoning their recession calls. Given this backdrop, stock market returns were not only strong, but also widespread across geographic regions.

In our view, the current market advance is a result of the combination of a strengthening economy, growing earnings and the expectation of rate cuts later in 2024. The market’s focus has pivoted away from concerns about rising interest rates, which facilitated the rally during the fourth quarter of 2023, focusing on the forecasted earnings growth in both 2024 and 2025 (after flat earnings in 2023) which took the markets to new heights in 2024 year to date. Price/earnings (P/E) multiple expansion (i.e.: an increase in what investors are willing to pay for every dollar of earnings) is not unusual at this point in the cycle as earnings estimates catch up. This leads to stock valuations that are higher than historical averages, however with that said, we still don’t believe they are unreasonable for this point in the cycle.

Finally, last week’s update by the Federal Open Market Committee of the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed), seems to support our expectation of a lower Fed Funds Rate (and therefore lower interest rates) in the second half of 2024.